With significant difference between male and female patients, p value was 0. Skeletal fluorosis is a more serious health concern than dental fluorosis because it has the potential to cause permanent disability. Abortions, still births and children with birth defects are common in endemic areas. Detection of fluorosis at early stage is possible by understanding the soft tissue manifestation. Nonskeletal forms of fluorosis are earlier manifestations, which develop long before the onset of typical changes in teeth and skeletal bones. It was evident that dental fluorosis incidence in children r ranged from 2% to 33% in gujarat. This fact is highlighted by the very different forms the disease can take based on an individuals nutritional status, health status, age, genetics, and exposure to aluminum. Pdf background fluorosis is an endemic disease which results due to excess exposure to high fluoride from different sources. It normally does not affect the function of the teeth or cause pain. The vertebrae partially fuse together crippling the patientthe vertebrae partially fuse together, crippling the patient.
The mechanisms by which fluoride produces its toxic effects are still not clear. Of these, 6 million are children below the age of 14. Skeletal fluorosis looks different in different individuals skeletal fluorosis is a far more complex disease than is generally perceived. Instead of just measuring the overall prevalence of fluorosis i.
Jul 09, 2009 prevalence of skeletal fluorosis and nonskeletal fluorosis in male patients was 56. Symptoms are mainly promoted in the bone structure. Oct 26, 20 dental fluorosis in children skeletal fluorosis in adults non skeletal fluorosis swami vivekananda institute of pharmaceutical sciencessvips, vangapally, bhongir. Fluoride can enter the body through drinking water, food, toothpaste, mouth rinses and other dental products. With the help of the banawasi seva ashram, peoplesa science institute psi began a programme of fluoride testing and fluorosis mitigation in sonebhadra district in september 2004. Health risk from fluoride exposure of a population in selected areas.
International differences in the recognition of nonskeletal fluorosis. Pdf a comparative study of dental fluorosis and nonskeletal. Lets continue to learn more about its effects, symptoms and ways of treating the disease. Fluoride action network community fluorosis index cfi. Dental fluorosis refers to changes in the appearance of tooth enamel that are caused by longterm ingestion of fluoride during the time teeth are forming 1. It occurs with increasing level of fluorides in the body. Most fluorosis is the result of consuming too much fluoride before the age of 8, while permanent teeth are still forming. Endemic fluorosis and occurrence gastrointestinal disorders. Water is the major medium of fluoride intake by humans 1.
Excessive ingestion of fluorides not only causes dental and skeletal fluorosis but also leads to gastro intestinal disturbances. Skeletal fluorosis an overview sciencedirect topics. Materials and methods sengotur is a known endemic area for fluorosis in salem. The present paper deals with characteristic clinical findings of skeletal fluorosis from the examination of 60 persons 38 males and 22 females. In china alone, 30 million people suffer crippling skeletal fluorosis. Neurological complications of endemic skeletal fluorosis, with special emphasis on radiculomyelopathy r t haimanot 1 spinal cord volume 28, pages 244 251 1990 cite this article. Assessment of skeletal and nonskeletal fluorosis in endemic fluoridated areas of vidharbha region, india. Dental, skeletal and non skeletal fluorosis have been described in. Besides these maladies, nonskeletal fluorosis or toxic effects of chronic. In skeletal fluorosis the bones are generally weaker than normal with stiffness and pain in the joints as the early symptoms. Non skeletal fluorosis there are convincing evidence of involvement of skeletal muscles, erythrocytes, gi mucosa, ligaments and spermatozoa on consuming more than optimal intake of fluorides. Sep 02, 2014 nonskeletal fluorosis there are convincing evidence of involvement of skeletal muscles, erythrocytes, gi mucosa, ligaments and spermatozoa on consuming more than optimal intake of fluorides. Fluoride is a toxic substance that is prevalent in many pesticides, cavity prevention and even used in different medications. The method of microabrasion was applied employing the readymade product opalustre, and the remineralisation employing tooth mousse.
Request pdf assessment of skeletal and nonskeletal fluorosis in endemic fluoridated areas of vidharbha region, india. Exposure, prevention and management introduction dental fluorosis is a developmental disturbance of dental enamel, caused by successive exposures to high concentrations of fluoride during tooth development, leading to enamel with lower mineral content and increased porosity. Once fluorosis occurs it is irreversible without any cure. Once teeth break through the gums, you cannot develop fluorosis. Exposure to fluoride and changes in bone density 65 3. Skeletal fluorosis is a serious condition, resulting from chronic ingestion of large amounts of fluoride over many years during periods of bone modeling growth andor remodeling. Fluorosis, chronic intoxication with fluorine usually combined with some other element to form a fluoride that results in changes in the skeleton and ossification of tendons and ligaments. Sampling procedures in randomly selected 20 households of sample villages where dental fluorosis is prevalent in school children, survey is conducted for skeletal and non skeletal fluorosis. Skeletal fluorosis is endemic in some parts of the world owing to lifelong ingestion of high amounts of fluoride in the drinking water.
Fluorosis is a crippling and painful disease caused by intake of fluoride. Dental fluorosis in children skeletal fluorosis in adults non skeletal fluorosis swami vivekananda institute of pharmaceutical sciencessvips, vangapally, bhongir. It reveals the structural and functional damages caused to skeletal muscle and erythrocytes, leading to clinical manifestations in fluorosis. Epa also has a non enforceable secondary standard for fluoride of 2. The prevalence of dental and nonskeletal fluorosis in the study groups with. Diagnosis urine and bone fluoride levels varies directly with fluoride intake normal urine 0. Serum fluoride and skeletal fluorosis in two chinese villages 181 fluoride 2005.
It just describes what the possible causes are, and statistics of it in several countries, but gives no mention on how it affects the body. The suspected case on survey are confirmed by x ray forearm and fluoride level in urine 1. It is suggested in the study by littleton 1999 that skeletal fluorosis may be more marked in individuals undertaking heavy manual. Fluoride in drinking water can be either beneficial or detrimental to health, depending on its concentration 2. Dental fluorosis is a slight change in the look of the teeth, usually in the form of very faint white markings. Data presented here shows the monitoring of physical and chemical characteristics including ph, ec, tds, hco3, co3,so4, cl, no3 and f in. In skeletal fluorosis the bones are generally weaker than normal with stiffness and pain in. Non skeletal fluorosis affects all the soft tissues and organs of the body. Children living in high fluoride zone are bound to get dental discoloration which may be seen even in deciduous teeth. Therefore, we conducted a crosssectional study to evaluate the fluorideinduced toxicity on randomly selected sheep with skeletal fluorosis resident near the large non ferrous metallurgy portoscusoportovesme industrial estate and the carbonia and gonnessa towns control district with respect to. Advanced skeletal fluorosis crippling skeletal fluorosis. Endemic fluorosis resulting from high fluoride concentration in groundwater is a public health problem in india 8.
Skeletal fluorosis is a bone disease caused by excessive accumulation of fluoride in the bones. In 1888, it was described as a condition that appeared to be endemic dental fluorosis in certain areas of mexico 2. Fluoride testing and fluorisis mitigation in sonebhadra district. In advanced cases, skeletal fluorosis causes painful damage to bones and joints. Fluorosis a chronic disease caused by prolonged excessive ingestion of fluorine.
Fluoride can also damage a foetus, if the mother consumes waterfood with high concentrations of fluoride during pregnancybreast feeding. Dental fluorosis is the appearance of faint white lines or streaks on the teeth that only occurs when younger children consume too much fluoride, from any source, over long periods when teeth are developing under the gums. Skeletal fluorosis some of the greatest experts on this form of fluorosis are from india, professor jolly of punjab having been one of the worlds most renowned. The available data suggest that 15 states in india are endemic for fluorosis fluoride level in drinking water 1. Fluoride toxicity can also cause nonskeletal diseases like aches and pain in the joints, nonulcer dyspepsia, polyurea tendency to urinate more frequently and. Prakasam district of andhra pradesh, india is having severe fluorosis. Skeletal fluorosis in relation to drinking water in rural areas of west. Skeletal fluorosis, for instance, requires high levels of fluroide intake, normally through water consumption and eating leafy plants grown in areas with high water fluoride levels littleton, 1999. It is characterized by dental changes and diffuse densification of bones, with ossification of many ligaments and interosseous membranes. The consumption of water with a high fluorine concentration more than 11. Exocyclic dna adducts in sheep with skeletal fluorosis. Assessment of skeletal and nonskeletal fluorosis in.
Fluoride has been known to cause significant effect on human health through drinking water. Groundwater, fluoride,dental fluorosis, skeletal fluorosis, non. Jamie bartram, coordinator of the whos water, sanitation and health program, march 22, 2002 the chinese government now considers any water supply containing over 1 ppm fluoride a risk for skeletal fluorosis. Skeletal fluorosis is one such disease that causes tremendous pain and suffering to the affected person. It is quite hard to deduce from the text particularly at the beginning what skeletal fluorosis actually is. Skeletal fluorosis incidence ranged from 1% to 75% in certain areas in gujarat.
Ninety five subjects had pitting and swelling and 86 partici pants had lost their teeth. Aug 15, 2017 fluorosis is a crippling disease resulted from deposition of fluorides in the hard and soft tissues of body. Keywords groundwater, fluoride, dental fluorosis, skeletal fluorosis, non skeletal diseases. Exposure to fluoride in stage ii and stage iii skeletal fluorosis 70 3. A comparative study of dental fluorosis and nonskeletal. Prevalence of skeletal fluorosis and nonskeletal fluorosis in male patients was 56. It is a public health problem caused by excess intake of fluoride through drinking waterfood productsindustrial pollutants over a long period. In the mundargi taluk, browning of the teeth was the most common symptom of dental fluorosis followed by pain and pus in teeth. Due to a high fluoride concentration in the body, the bone is hardened and thus less elastic, resulting in an. Exposure to fluoride in optimum amounts about one part per million of fluoride to water is claimed to be. High or low levels of fluoride in drinking water have been shown to cause adverse health effects. Acute toxicity due to fluorides is also known and occurs as a result of sudden exposure to high levels of fluorides, usually by ingestion. Neurological complications of endemic skeletal fluorosis. Ingestion of excess fluoride, most commonly in drinkingwater affects the teeth and bones.
Dental fluorosis is a developmental disturbance of dental enamel, caused by successive exposures to high concentrations of fluoride during tooth development, leading to enamel with lower mineral content and increased porosity 1. Assessment of skeletal and nonskeletal fluorosis in endemic. Susheela rightly states that much of our knowledge about skeletal fluorosis and how it develops has come from india. Dental, skeletal and non skeletal are the major types of fluorosis affecting millions of people in these countries. Fluorosis, caused by ingestion of excess fluoride, is endemic in at least 25 countries across the globe, china and india being the worst affected among them. Prolonged ingestion of fluoride also affects other organs and alters their architecture and physiology. The aim of this crosssectional study was to reexamine in 2006 caries and fluorosis experience among 5 to 6 and 11 to 12yearolds n 789 in st. May 30, 2012 excess intake of fluoride for a prolonged period results in its accumulation predominantly in hard tissues, teeth and bones and causes diverse adverse effects that appear in the form of dental and skeletal fluorosis. Extremities become weak and moving the joints is difficult. Results the prevalence of dental and nonskeletal fluorosis in the study groups with high and normal fluoride groups. Fluorosis article about fluorosis by the free dictionary. Dental fluorosis and skeletal fluorosis request pdf. The community fluorosis index cfi is a way of measuring the burden of dental fluorosis in a population. Different forms of fluorosis are dental, skeletal and nonskeletal.